MAP I was replaced on 10 June 1995 by the second Mediterranean Action Plan (“MAP II”). The scope of practical actions taken jointly under the auspices of the Barcelona Convention and its Protocols is referred to as the “MAP Program.” The MAP Program is part of the UNEP’s Regional Seas Program. This resolution came to be known as the Mediterranean Action Plan (“MAP I”). The congress participants adopted recommendations for joint action and requests for further UNEP assistance. ![]() The Barcelona Convention was born out of an intergovernmental congress initiated by the United Nations Environment Program (“UNEP”) in 1975. ![]() But, to date, few countries have ratified these protocols, and they are not yet in force. The Contracting Parties have also adopted the Protocol for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution Resulting from Exploration and Exploitation of the Continental Shelf and the Seabed and its Subsoil (“Offshore Protocol”) (adopted on 14 October 1994) and the Protocol on Integrated Coastal Zone Management in the Mediterranean (“Integrated Coastal Zone Management Protocol”) (adopted 21 January 2008). The five protocols that have entered into force are: (i) Protocol for the Prevention of Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft (“Dumping Protocol”) (entered into force on 12 February 1978, but amendments adopted in 1995 have not yet entered into force) (ii) Protocol Concerning Cooperation in Preventing Pollution from Ships and, in Cases of Emergency, Combating Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea (“Emergency Protocol”) (entered into force on 17 March 2004, replacing a previous agreement in force since 12 February 1978) (iii) Protocol for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution from Land-Based Sources and Activities (“Land-Based Sources Protocol”) (entered into force on, replacing a previous agreement in force since 17 June 1983) (iv) Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean (“Specially Protected Areas and Biodiversity Protocol”) (entered into force 12 December 1999, replacing a previous agreement in force since 23 March 1986) and (v) Protocol on the Prevention of Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (“Hazardous Wastes Protocol”) (entered into force on 19 January 2008). The Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention have adopted seven protocols within the Convention framework. This agreement was amended in June 1995, and renamed the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean (“Barcelona Convention”) the amended version entered into force on 9 July 2004. ![]() The Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution was signed on 16 February 1976 in Barcelona, Spain, and entered into force on 12 February 1978. Domestic Liability and Compensation Regimes for Damage Resulting from Pollution of the Marine Environment : Article 16 of the Barcelona Convention, as amended, addresses compliance of private actors, as well as of the Contracting Parties, by obliging the Contracting Parties to “cooperate in the formulation and adoption of appropriate rules and procedures for the determination of liability and compensation for damage resulting from pollution of the marine environment in the Mediterranean Sea Area.” In 2008, the Contracting Parties adopted Guidelines for such regimes and have since issued a uniform questionnaire to regularly evaluate the liability regime of each Contracting Party. ![]() The Compliance Committee sees its role as “to facilitate implementation and compliance with obligations under the Barcelona Convention, taking into account the special situation of each of the Contracting Parties, in particular those which are developing countries.” The Compliance Committee will consider reports of non-compliance from one Contracting Party regarding another Contracting Party, inquiries from a Contracting Party regarding its own compliance efforts, and referrals from the Secretariat based on its national assessments, and will also, on its own, evaluate the biannual reports submitted by the Contracting Parties.
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